Depending on the type of hypostylosis we use, there are differences in the total foliar surface, but also in the percentage of it exposed to the sun. Thus, the ability of vine plants to photosynthesize effectively depends on the support system used and the influence that this ultimately has on the penetration of light into the shaped plant wall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00b7 In addition, the trellising system can affect many other , parameters such as , eye differentiation, , grape exposure, plant water status and transpiration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00b7 The evolution of trellising systems in order to achieve balance between vegetation and production has led to the establishment of \"split\" trellising systems which allow better penetration of light have the potential to increase production while improving the composition of the . grape<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The trellising is intended to preserve the shape of the plants. \u00b7 There is evidence that bolstering systems have been used since the ancient , year in the Middle East , vineyards of Greece and Rome (Winkler et al. 2008). 1974).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Countless are the backbone systems used and used around the world, all of which share two common parameters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
* The amount of old , wood expressed by the height of the trunk and the presence\/absence of the strings<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00b7 And the , pruning method which can be applied to the heads or vine branches and in some cases a combination of the two.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00b7 By modifying the size and layout of the , leaf surface by foliage , pruning and the bolting system used affects the microclimate in the plant wall. \u00b7 The percentage of the foliar surface exposed to the sun is one of the important criteria for choosing the appropriate support system; , height and pruning method are affected by the dispersion of , fruiting organs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In general, it has been found that in addition to the growth and size of the production and the quality depends on the ratio between the leaf surface exposed to light and the weight of the fruit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For ripening 1 g of fruit requires an active foliar surface between 7-14 cm2<\/sup> (Howell 2001) , with the highest values referring to the coldest regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n With the development of the split systems of the plant walls, the optimization of the penetration of light was sought. The division of the plant wall involves the configuration of the bolstering system so that two or more emerge from the single original plant wall. \u00b7 In this way, greater yields of , are achieved increased fertility of the buds due to a decrease in shading inside the plant and an improvement in the composition of the fruit (Smart et al. 2009). 1985a, 1985b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Of the shapes in which the crown is divided horizontally designed exclusively for the varieties of V. vinifera is the shaping into lyre (Carbonneau et al. 1978, Carbonneau 1979, Carbonneau and Huglin 1982) and its variations. * With the use of suitable lyre-shaped support materials (or ) variants) and the arrangement of the clematis in a vertical position, the separation of the crown into two distinct plant walls is achieved (Kliewer et al. 1988).<\/p>\n\n\n\n The separation of the crown can also be done vertically. The best known configuration system of this category is Scott Henry (Henry 1991).<\/p>\n\n\n\n * These shaping systems have the ability to reduce the density of , foliage to promote fruiting and improve grape composition. Although these , modulation systems are quite popular , the separation of the plant walls vertically has some drawbacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00b7 The arrangement and volume of the plant walls is influenced by the applied , support system which in turn affects the density of the foliage and therefore the penetration of light into the leaves and fruit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The density of foliage in the vine is significantly higher compared to other perennial crops (Schultz 1995). The percentage of leaves inside the plant walls in relation to that on its surface varies depending on the applied shaping system (Katerji et al. 2011). 1994, Schultz 1995, Smart et al. 1990).<\/p>\n\n\n\n In California it was found that three are the active layers of the canopy foliar surface (Williams et al. 1987) when in Australia it is considered that the 1.5 layer of the foliar surface is optimal (Smart et al. 1990).<\/p>\n\n\n\n This difference is attributed to the different geography but also to the different approach of the term \"active foliar surface\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n There is no universally accepted recommendation on the number of active layers of foliar surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Separating the leaf surface horizontally requires a greater distance between the lines to facilitate the work of the machines and limit shading. This is not the case in systems where separation is vertical. Also in this case care should be taken for the shading due to the possible height of these shapes. Formation systems such as that of Scott Henry usually exceed two meters in order to properly arrange the vegetation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00b7 Eventually the system by which the vine is formed affects the growth of , determines the penetration of light and affects the microclimate in the leaves and fruit. Significant influence of the microclimate as a result of the formulation system used has been shown to affect the composition of the grapes and the organoleptic evaluation of the wines produced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Source: Andrew G. Reynolds and Justine E. Vandel Heuvel , 2009. Influence of grapevine training systems on vine growth and fruit composition : A Review. Am. J. Enol. Vitic 60:30.<\/p>\n